The Dubai Mall

Built: 2008
Cost: £400,000,000
Designed by: DPA Singapore
Type: Retail
Stories: 3
Location: Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai, United Arab Emirates


A Palace of the surplus in the city is obsessed with excessiveness, and The Dubai Mall is a giant spending, enticing people to stay, eat, shop, and leave with their wallets a lot lighter.
Like most shopping malls, and the carving this one to about twelve regions under a different title to make it a little more human scale and retailers package together.
Emphasis on the place of the center as a destination for an entire day and not just a quick shopping trip, it includes an aquarium, a garden, a cinema, skating rink and the ice, and other entertainment features.
Over the decades there have been a series of "the largest shopping centers in the world" are designed to separate shoppers from their money. While it used to be years or decades between crown changes before, things are different now that Dubai and the rest of the developing world in the game. Do not be surprised to see something bigger in a few years.


Developer: Dutco Balfour Beatty
Developer:  Al Ghandi / CCC
At the time of termination, this was the largest mall in the world.
Part of the mall and features a retractable roof.Superiority:
This mall has a branch of the first Paris exhibition "Lafayette famous in the Middle East. Largest mall in the world. The world's largest gold market. World musical fountain. The largest store in the United Arab Emirates (Galleries Lafayette in 192,000 square feet)
Stories above the ground: 3
Stories under the ground: 2
Stores: about 1200.
Site Size: 278 acres
Area: 5900000 square feet.
Retail space: 3770000 square feet.
Theater seats: 3,000.
Steel used: 7300 tons
Parking Spaces: 14,000
Formed a joint venture of Dubai Mall: 2004.
The original opening date for this position (missed): 2006
August 28, 2008: The center is open for business.

The Chicago Spire

Formerly: The Fordham Spire
Built: 2007-2012
Designed by: Santiago Calatrava
Type: Skyscraper
Stories: 150
Maximum Height: 2,000 feet / 610 meters
Maximum depth: 80 feet
Location: 400 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago,United States


Native city skyscraper just can not get enough of this supertowers. In Chicago Spire is the latest in a series of super tall projects proposed and erected since mid-1990. Some, such as International Hotel & Tower Trump International, to bear fruit. Others, such as South Dearborn 7, do not do it. Been largely for the opposition of the population of NIMBY in Streeterville and make fun of other parts of the city calmed down now that construction is well underway and progressing quickly.
 This is the first project for the Chicago Architecture Spanish star Santiago Calatrava, although it has graced the shores of Lake Michigan before with wing Quadracci Milwaukee Art Museum. Position at the point where the Chicago River drains Lake Michigan puts it in the center of the city skyline, and out in front of any of the thousands of photographs taken by tourists cruising the lake each day. 
In its original form, and this building lived up to its name. This was really a tapering spire with her needle. The elimination of the final design of the needle hole in the sky, and the development of further weakening, but still graceful, form. In the New York Times article about the building, and were compared to the drill bit, blade of grass, and tall twisting tree. Others have compared to the lighthouse, which could end up being her title because of its location. The inability to quickly build classification is what come to expect from the Calatrava design - something both geometric and organic. Something that takes a simple form and twist in the wind like a lot of bridges and other buildings for him. In this case, dock and all floors of the building to a central column, but offset. Then rotate each floor slightly as the tower rises higher. The result is, in fact, something very much like a little digging. The original plan called for in the bottom floors 20 to be occupied by a hotel, while the rest of the building was to be filled with luxury condominiums 1200. The final configuration has this building entirely residential. Much of the disappointment of tourists and skyscraper fans, there are no plans for a public observation deck. Was the biggest obstacle to completing this building, zoning. 
The only dedicated parcel of land identified for such as 540 feet tall and the building of a building 350 feet tall. However, the developer was able to calm the city, and neighborhood groups, local activists and open space through the development of River Plaza with six floors of car parking underneath. Developer is also to put up $ 9 million to help create park DuSable. He wanted the city of Chicago to create that park on a piece of industrial land adjacent abandoned for decades, but could never come up with the money. The developer will use the parks in the future during the construction process, and then turned out to more than the city with the cash that would help to become a public space.Undo edits

Residences: 1,194
Levels above ground: 150
Levels below ground: 7
Building caissons: 34
Parking garage caissons: 98
Parking spaces: 1,500
Foundation concrete: 200,000 cubic yards
Foundation steel: 70,000 tons

The World Trade Center

Built: 1969-1974
Cost: $800,000,000
Designed by: Minoru Yamasaki, Yamasaki and Associates, with Emery Roth and Sons
Type: Skyscraper
Stories: 110
Maximum Height: 1,727 feet / 526 meters
Maximum width: 208
Maximum length: 208
Location: World Trade Center, New York, United States


The World Trade Center is a collection of buildings in Lower Manhattan. Towers and considered the number one and two (from "Twin Towers"), the longest in the world by some people. It depends on how you define "longer." Including the antenna, the tower was the number one 521 meters. However, you may antenna, including the building also bring less antennas and towers in operation, sludge which really matters. Center was built on the old Hudson and the railway station in Manhattan. The original plan called for a tower 150 one story, but was abandoned this design and impractical.
 And the Twin Towers was unusual in that the external cladding of the building actually carried out a large part of the burden on the structure. Each floor is suspended from the outer walls, and not vice versa, which is common in most of the skyscrapers, where the internal pillars to provide power, and keep on the walls just the wind. While designed to provide strength while maximizing the office space for rent, and this actually proves to be life-saving innovation. When each tower hit by hijacked jumbo jets in 2001 aircraft punching holes in the side and did extensive damage inside. But the buildings remained standing for some time. In fact, a heat of the fire, which caused buildings to collapse. Was fully loaded with jet fuel to fly intercontinental, and the provision of large amounts of fuel to feed the fire. When the inside temperature exceeds 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit weakened steel hold-story walls, causing each floor to collapse on less than one. The result was a building collapsed on themselves, rather than fell more than knocking over other buildings, countless in literally a domino effect. 


The following buildings partially or completely destroyed in the attack: 


One World Trade Center (north tower)

Two World Trade Center (south tower)
Four World Trade Center
Five World Trade Center
Six World Trade Center
Seven World Trade Center
The Marriott Hotel
One Liberty Plaza
Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church

The following buildings suffered major damage:

The Millennium Hilton Hotel
One World Financial Center
Two World Financial Center
Three World Financial Center
The Federal Building
Banker's Trust Building

Flatiron Building

Also known as: Fuller Building
Built: 1902
Designed by: Daniel H. Burnham
Type: Skyscraper
Maximum Height: 285 feet / 87 meters
Location: Fifth avenue between 22nd and 23rd streets, New York, United States


It is not well known among those not from the area, or not in the historic architecture, the Flatiron building is a favorite of New Yorkers and admirers around the world. Perhaps because it symbolizes a lot of New Yorkers how they see themselves - Defiant, bold, and sophisticated, and interesting. Grime with only an integral part enough and soot to highlight the details. Irons feature the most interesting is its shape - a slender hull plowing the streets in the commercial off the bow as a large ocean liner plows through the waves of its domain. Top of the building is just six feet wide, and expanding into a limestone wedge adorned with Gothic details and the Renaissance of Greek faces and terra cotta flowers. Construction of two claims to fame - one for architectural and other cultural. There are those who consider to be the Flatiron Building skyscraper in New York City first. It's definitely one of the first buildings in the city to hire a steel frame to stand up and faced 285 feet tall, but not for the first time. According to some form (such as iron) was less technical and more dangerous. They thought he would go down more, and during the process of construction and dubbed Flatiron Building "in Burnham folly." Cultural heritage of the building is a bit more interesting, has passed into the social consciousness and a local legend. It is said that the building created unusual eddies in the wind that will cause women's skirts to fly around as they walked in the street 23. That attract crowds of young people who had gathered to view the scene naked men. And the police to try to disperse these knots of heavy breathers by calling to them, "23 Skidoo". This phrase passed from common use, but her descendants, the word "Scram" is still in the back corner of the American lexicon.

Big Ben

Official name: Parliament Clock Tower
Also known as: Saint Stephen's Tower
Built: 1858
Designed by: Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin
Type: Tower
Maximum Height: 320 feet / 98 meters
Location: Bridge Street, London, United Kingdom


For tourists, photographers, and residents, and even terrorists, and this is a symbol of London. And officially called the Clock Tower, and millions of people around the world known as "Big Ben". In fact, Big Ben is the name of the bell inside the clock, not the tower. But in an attempt to convince the people that are closer to an attempt to stop a train with your car: it is possible, but not worth the effort. Not a building of its own, and the clock tower 320 feet and is one of the two towers surrounding the houses of the Parliament of England. Was built after a fire in 1834 destroyed most of the existing structures. The reason that the abacus from the burning hell that was used for bookkeeping. I got the fire out of control, and took most of the building with them. Charles Barry was the winner in a competition to design a new center of government. Gone with the Renaissance style, and married with neo-Gothic details Bojun by Augustus, including the towers. Inside the tower is Big Ben - the bell, which weighs 13 tons of hours seems to be over time. There is no documentation on how to bell the company got its name. Some think was named after boxer Ben Caunt. Others believe was named after Sir Benjamin Hall, a gentleman who was rather large Commissioner in Westminster. In both cases, the experience of London is the ideal to get out from under the ground, and walk along the River Thames in a foggy morning and hear Big Ben toll. If you're not in London, it is still heard often on the radio through the World Service the BBC on the morning in Europe, and satellite and shortwave elsewhere. The frequency where you live, see the Home BBC World Service page.

Hydropolis

Official name: The Crescent Hydropolis Resort
Built: 2009-2013
Cost: $500,000,000
Designed by: Joachim Hauser
Type: Hotel
Maximum depth: 66 feet
Dubai, United Arab Emirates


In the early part of 21 and quickly became known as the era of Dubai. Erected many architectural projects in the world, the most exciting, breathtaking and stunning in a city that was little more than a desert outpost a decade ago. He was led to the insight to know that this natural resource essential, oil, and was in limited supply and chose to embark on rapid program to transform the emirate into the capital of the world to continue to thrive beyond the time when the world depends on fossil fuels. 
Projects in Dubai, which is constantly looking for discrimination through excellence. For years, and saw the lovers of architecture and the Burj Dubai eagerly rose to the clouds. While the project has reached a high level of the sky, and another search in the depths of the Persian Gulf.
 Hyrdropolis is a fantasy hotel beneath the waves. This is inspired by the tale of a submarine Hotel Jules Verne 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. It is an oasis under the water where visitors can marvel at the architecture surrounding them, and beyond the seas. 
The project is divided into three sections. "Earth Station" is the complex where visitors are 1. A large building with a roof that dips and rolls like the top of a wave. From there, people walk in the tunnel to begin their journey to the hotel, in and of itself. Tunnel 1700 feet long and carries the train under the land and sea alike. On the one hand, and of course, is the hotel itself. Simulate natural forms, shaped like a group of bubbles and curves designed to provide maximum resistance against the pressure of sea water, as well as hurricane can sometimes be engaged in this field. This has been compared with the jellyfish alike, and sea turtles. The hotel features a pair of domes that allow control and an expansive view of the water and the creatures that live in it. They are large enough to break above the waves, one has a retractable roof allowing surrounded by people on the ocean while looking directly into the sky. 
From the surface, and the hotel has the appearance of an atoll of artificial circular future with the barrier of low height just above the waves. Within this ocean is the infrastructure such as a shell with curving surfaces in the home in the sea. It is clear that such projects do not come easily. The building has been moving in fits and starts and is currently on hold. It is not known what is the difficulty, or when in the end of the project begins

This is not the world's first underwater hotel. There is a smaller underwater hotel in Florida, and more underwater hotels are being designed and built around the world.

The train is supposed to be able to transport 1,000 people at a time.

August, 2003: Hydropolis was announced.

December 27, 2008: Arabian Business reported that the long delayed Hydropolis project may be built after all. The developers planned to announce a building timeline in early 2009.

August, 2009: MEED reports that the stalled plans for this project were being looked at again.

The Willis Tower

Formerly: The Sears Tower
Formerly: The Sears Building
Built: 1970-1974
Cost: $186,000,000
Designed by: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Renovated: 1985 by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill at a cost of $25,000,000
Renovated: 1994 by DeStefano and Partners
Type: Skyscraper
Stories: 110
Maximum Height: 1,729 feet / 527 meters
Maximum width: 195 feet
Maximum length: 195 feet
Location: 233 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, United States



Finest tower in the city known for its architecture is great, I have served Willis Tower for decades a symbol of the great engineering prowess and the triumph of architectural engineering.


Only a few years later a pioneer in building a tube attached that allows for 100 story John Hancock Center installed a few dozen blocks away, came the architects and engineers with the same revolutionary construction method: Design of a tube bundle. The tower is essentially a series of nine tubes, bound together. I think of it as a pack of cigarettes with each tube rising higher than the rest. Shorter tubes are 50 stories, the second group rises to 66, and the third set to 90, and the final to 110 stories. In the mechanical floors are extra trusses will act like belts wrapping around the building and assistance in the face of the forces of strong winds.


I was born in the Tower of the need for the company to strengthen its Sears. The original plan called for a much smaller tower, but he eventually persuaded the retailer to focus its staff from seven other buildings in the lower part of the building while leasing the rest to other companies. It is fortunate that Sears listened to the architects and developers, because it is not an understatement to call the result of one of the most important buildings on the face of the earth.


It also burns the financial wealth of the change, I moved out of this building and to the Office of squatting in the suburbs. By 2003 Sears had let the naming rights for the construction ends. It was not until 2009 that the team and Willis consolidating a number of regional offices in this building, and received the naming rights in the process.


Shortly thereafter, as part of a larger group at the level of renewal "on the Skydeck" observation, added four centuries a small monitor in the open air to the floor 103. Designed glass transparent "edges" by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, one of the largest architectural firms designed the tower itself, which appeared in 1970. Each viewing platform extends outside of the tower a little over four feet, and constructed of three layers of half-inch thick glass with a capacity weight of five tons - two tons more than called for in the Construction Law in the city. Edges and retractable, and put it on the west side of the building, 1353 meters above ground level.

Height to tip of west antenna: 1,729 feet
Height to tip of east antenna: 1,709 feet
Height to roof: 1,450 feet, seven inches
Height to glass ledges: 1,353 feet
Official stories: 110
Missing floor: 109. The building owners count the roof as 109.
Disputed floor: The mechanical penthouse for the elevators. Some buildings count this, some do not. Sears Tower does.
Total floor space: 4,560,000 square feet
Rentable floor space: 3,800,000 square feet
Weight: 222,500 tons / 445,000,000 pounds
Caissons: 114 in bedrock 65 feet underground
Elevators: 104
Double-decker elevators: 14
Escalators: 15
Observatory elevators speed: 18.2 miles per hour
Windows: 16,100+
Property size: 2.96 acres
Parking spaces: 160
Plumbing: 25+ miles
Electrical: 1,500+ miles
Elevator cables: 80+miles

The Burj Khalifa ( Dubai,United Arab Emirates)

Official name: Burj Khalifa Bin Zayed
Also known as: Burj Dubai
Also known as: Tower of Khalifa
Formerly: Burj Dubai
Built: 2004-2010
Cost: $4,100,000,000
Designed by: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Type: Skyscraper
Stories: 206
Maximum Height: 2,717 feet / 828 meters
Location: No. 1, Burj Dubai Boulevard

The in early 2000 was a wonderful moment in the race skyscraper. Was announced a number of projects of the beast, each longer than the past. But of all the promises made ​​noble, and the Burj Dubai is one of the very few to finish. 

Because of competition, did not was not until the building opened the officially in in January 2010 that the public I learned a height of the actual: 2717 feet. There were rumors in the past that kept getting tweaked design length were also announced for buildings taller opponent with heights. But you get the point where you have to stop construction at the end of the day, and for the Burj Dubai, which is the point on the 828 meters.

 Dubai is no stranger to huge skyscrapers, but this one sets a new standard. Aesthetically, the Burj Dubai is a wonderful stray from the glass hole in the sky Arabic. Are formed from three main axes are arranged in the form of Y. These setbacks taper in a spiral pattern until the Burj Dubai becomes a spire in the sky. In any city, this will be the huge structure. In the plain of extrovert from Dubai, but rather is the shock to the of view, and for visible for tens of of kilometers. 

But this tower does not stand on its feet. It is part of the complex on an area of ​​500 acres of offices, hotels, shops, lakes, and public places, which is an oasis of technological, economic, social and all on its own.

Architect: Adrian Smith
Developer: Emaar Properties
The foundation is made up of 192 concrete and steel pilings more than 164 feet (50 meters) deep. They are joined by a 12-foot-thick raft upon which the skyscraper rests.
45,000 cubic meters of concrete was used in the foundation.
The hotel in the Burj Dubai is going to be an Armani-branded hotel. In keeping with Islamic custom it will have separate hours for women and men at the pool.
The footprint of this building is in the shape of a hymenocallis, a desert flower native to the area.
According to an interview in Construction Week, the air conditioning chillers installed on the 155th and 159th floor are so high that their design had to take into account the thinner air at that elevation.

This building has about 30 setbacks.
Underground parking spaces: 16,000

January, 2004: Construction began.

          January 4, 2010: The building's official height was revealed: 2,717 feet / 828 meters.